Eighth Crusade ends on African sands

1270

After Louis IX's death outside Tunis, his brother Charles of Anjou negotiated a treaty with the Hafsid emir and withdrew the remaining crusaders. Charles was chiefly interested in Tunisian tribute and commercial privileges. The holy war ended as a commercial transaction. The debacle confirmed what many Europeans had long suspected: the age of crusading was over, and the Holy Land would not be recovered.