Robert of Ketton's Latin Quran is presented

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Peter the Venerable of Cluny accepted the completed Latin translation of the Quran and associated Islamic polemical texts from his team of Ebro valley scholars. The Cluniac initiative was the first serious Christian attempt to engage with Islamic scripture on its own terms, however hostile. Peter argued that Islam should be refuted by argument rather than by force, a position that put him at odds with the crusading spirit of his age.